Threshold Dynamics in Plant Succession after Tree Planting in Agricultural Riparian Zones

Authors

Bérenger Bourgeois, Université Laval, Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science, McGill University
Anne Vanasse, Université Laval
Eduardo González, University of Denver, EcoLab, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier
Roxane Andersen, Environmental Research Institute, The North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands
Monique Poulin, Université Laval, Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Department of Biology, McGill University

Publication Date

4-26-2016

Document Type

Article

Organizational Units

Biological Sciences

Keywords

Agricultural landscapes, Canopy cover, Herbaceous communities, Light availability, Resilience, Restoration ecology, Riparian zones, Succession models, Vegetation recovery

Abstract

1. Trajectories of plant communities can be described by different models of plant succession. While a Clementsian (gradual continuum model) or Gleasonian approach (relay floristics model) has traditionally been used to inform restoration outcomes, alternative succession models developed recently may better represent restoration trajectories. The threshold dynamics succession model, which predicts an abrupt species turnover after an environmental threshold is crossed, has never been used in a restoration context. This model might, however, better describe shifts in plant competitive ranking and facilitation interactions during species turnover.
2. Fifty‐three riparian zones, planted with trees 3–17 years prior to sampling, and 14 natural riparian forests were studied in two agricultural watersheds of south‐eastern Québec (Canada). The cover of vegetation strata was assessed at the site scale, and the cover of plant species was estimated in a total of 784 1‐m2 plots. Canopy cover was measured stereoscopically for each plot.
3. As revealed by Principal Response Curves and broken stick models, herbaceous species composition was stable during the first 12–13 years after tree planting, but then abruptly shifted. This two‐step pattern in species turnover followed the increase in canopy cover after tree planting. Once canopy cover passed a threshold of ca 40%, plant succession started and led to the re‐establishment of forest communities 17 years after planting.
4. Following herbaceous species turnover, the cover of ecological groups changed significantly towards covers of natural riparian forests: shade‐tolerant species generally increased, while light‐demanding and non‐native species decreased. Vegetation structure was also significantly affected by tree planting: tree and shrub cover increased, while monocot cover decreased.
5. Synthesis and applications. Tree planting efficiently restored herbaceous forest communities in riparian zones by inducing a species turnover mediated by light availability corresponding to the threshold dynamics model in plant succession. Fostering and monitoring canopy closure in tree‐planted riparian zones should improve restoration success and the design of alternative strategies. The innovative statistical approach of this study aiming to identify succession patterns and their associated theoretical models can guide future restoration in any type of ecosystem around the world to bridge the gap between science and management.

Publication Statement

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Recommended Citation

Bourgeois, Bérenger, et al. “Threshold Dynamics in Plant Succession after Tree Planting in Agricultural Riparian Zones.” The Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 53, no. 6, 2016, pp. 1704–1713. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12675.