Publication Date
6-27-2017
Document Type
Article
Organizational Units
College of Natural Science and Mathematics, Biological Sciences
Keywords
Neuroprotective, Anthocyanins, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, Protocatechuic acid
Abstract
Anthocyanins are being increasingly investigated for their neuroprotective and antineuroinflammatory effects; however, the overall bioavailability of many anthocyanins is relatively low. In contrast, phenolic acids, metabolites of many polyphenols, including anthocyanins, have been shown to accumulate in tissue at higher concentrations than those of parent compounds, suggesting that these metabolites may be the bioactive components of anthocyanin-rich diets. We examined the neuroprotective capacity of two common phenolic acids, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and protocatechuic acid (PCA), in primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons. Both HBA and PCA are capable of mitigating oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide, which is thought to contribute to neuronal cell death in neurodegeneration. Under conditions of nitrosative stress, which occur during inflammation in the central nervous system, only PCA was neuroprotective, despite similar structural characteristics between HBA and PCA. Intriguingly, this trend was reversed under conditions of excitotoxicity, in which only HBA was neuroprotective. Lastly, we explored the anti-inflammatory activity of these compounds in microglial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. PCA was an effective anti-inflammatory agent, reducing nitric oxide production, while HBA had no effect. These data indicate that phenolic acids possess distinct neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory characteristics that could make them suitable for the treatment of neurodegeneration.
Copyright Date
6-27-2017
Copyright Statement / License for Reuse
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Rights Holder
The Authors
Provenance
Received from author
File Format
application/pdf
Language
English (eng)
Extent
13 pgs
File Size
2928 KB
Publication Statement
Copyright is held by the authors. User is responsible for all copyright compliance. This article was originally published as:
Winter, A. N., Brenner, M. C., Punessen, N., Snodgrass, M., Byars, C., Arora, Y., & Linseman, D. (2017). Comparison of the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of the anthocyanin metabolites, protocatechuic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017(1), 1–13. DOI: 10.1155/2017/6297080
Publication Title
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Volume
2017
Issue
1
First Page
1
Last Page
13
ISSN
1942-0994
Recommended Citation
Winter, A. N., Brenner, M. C., Punessen, N., Snodgrass, M., Byars, C., Arora, Y., & Linseman, D. (2017). Comparison of the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of the anthocyanin metabolites, protocatechuic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017(1), 1–13. DOI: 10.1155/2017/6297080